# Tirzepatide References: Full Citation List

> Full Tirzepatide references — all citations used across this site, with DOIs, PMIDs, and PubMed links.

## Tirzepatide references

All citations numbered as they appear across the site. See the [Tirzepatide references](/references) page for the full indexed list with DOIs and PubMed URLs.

## References

[1] Coskun T, et al. LY3298176, a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: From discovery to clinical proof of concept. Mol Metab. 2018. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30473097/
[2] Willard FS, et al. Tirzepatide is an imbalanced and biased dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist. JCI Insight. 2020. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32730231/
[3] Frias JP, et al. Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2021. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34170647/
[4] Jastreboff AM, et al. Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2022. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35658024/
[5] Aronne LJ, et al. Tirzepatide as Compared with Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40353578/
[6] Zeng Q, et al. Safety issues of tirzepatide (pancreatitis and gallbladder or biliary disease) in type 2 diabetes and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37908750/
[7] Farzam K, Patel P. Tirzepatide. StatPearls [Internet], NCBI Bookshelf. 2024. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK585056/
[8] Heise T, et al. Effects of subcutaneous tirzepatide versus placebo or semaglutide on pancreatic islet function and insulin sensitivity in adults with type 2 diabetes: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, parallel-arm, phase 1 clinical trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35468322/
[9] Mather KJ, et al. Effects of Tirzepatide vs Semaglutide on β-Cell Function, Insulin Sensitivity, and Glucose Control During a Meal Test. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2024. / Greater improvement in insulin sensitivity per unit weight loss associated with tirzepatide versus semaglutide. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38795393/
[10] Thomas MK, et al. Dual GIP and GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Tirzepatide Improves Beta-cell Function and Insulin Sensitivity in Type 2 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33236115/
[11] Kang YM, et al. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of currently approved incretin mimetics: A systematic analysis of placebo-controlled clinical trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40212008/
[12] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Tirzepatide injection prescribing information (FDA label). Drugs@FDA. 2022 (T2D), 2023 (obesity). https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2022/215866s000lbl.pdf
[13] Safwan M, et al. Gastrointestinal safety of semaglutide and tirzepatide vs. placebo in obese individuals without diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Saudi Med. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40189856/
[14] Mishra R, et al. Tirzepatide-Induced Gastrointestinal Manifestations: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Cureus. 2023. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37908927/
[15] Shen P, et al. Gastrointestinal adverse events associated with tirzepatide: A bibliometric and pharmacovigilance analysis. PLoS One. 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41894422/
[16] Kunutsor SK, et al. Safety and Tolerability of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists: A State-of-the-Art Narrative Review. Drugs. 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41351656/
[17] Zeng Q, et al. Safety issues of tirzepatide (pancreatitis and gallbladder or biliary disease) in type 2 diabetes and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37908750/
[18] Gong J, et al. Risk of biliary diseases in patients with type 2 diabetes or obesity treated with tirzepatide: A meta-analysis. J Diabetes Investig. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39569606/
[19] Nassar M, et al. Decreased risk of recurrent acute pancreatitis with semaglutide and tirzepatide in people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39332263/
[20] Galli M, et al. Cardiovascular Effects and Tolerability of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40892610/
[21] Zhang Z, et al. Tirzepatide safety in type 2 diabetes: a disproportionality analysis of adverse events using the FDA FAERS database. Endocr Connect. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40631601/
[22] Rasouli N, et al. Tirzepatide for Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes and Without Obesity: A Post Hoc Analysis of the SURPASS Clinical Trials. Diabetes Ther. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40016573/
[23] Jalleh RJ, et al. Clinical Consequences of Delayed Gastric Emptying With GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Tirzepatide. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39418085/
[24] Urva S, et al. The novel dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist tirzepatide transiently delays gastric emptying... Diabetes Obes Metab. 2020. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32519795/
[25] Look M, et al. Body composition changes during weight reduction with tirzepatide in the SURMOUNT-1 study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39996356/
[26] Batsis JA, et al. Effect of Incretin-Based and Nonpharmacologic Weight Loss on Body Composition: A Systematic Review. Ann Intern Med. 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41996180/
[27] Locatelli JC, et al. Incretin-Based Weight Loss Pharmacotherapy: Can Resistance Exercise Optimize Changes in Body Composition? Diabetes Care. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38687506/
[28] Berg S, et al. Discontinuing glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and body habitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40186344/
[29] Aronne LJ, et al. Continued Treatment With Tirzepatide for Maintenance of Weight Reduction in Adults With Obesity: The SURMOUNT-4 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38078870/
[30] Horn DB, et al. Cardiometabolic Parameter Change by Weight Regain on Tirzepatide Withdrawal in Adults With Obesity: A SURMOUNT-4 Post Hoc Analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41284285/
[31] Qazi S, et al. Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Tirzepatide Versus Dulaglutide in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Healthcare (Basel). 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41975852/
[32] Almansour HA, et al. Real-World Safety Concerns of Tirzepatide: A Retrospective Analysis of FAERS Data (2022-2025). Healthcare (Basel). 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41008391/
[33] et al. Hair Loss Associated With Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonists. Cureus. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41111833/

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Trial figures read from primary sources. Not a clinic, not a dispenser, not a recommendation.